4. Extracts from the Commentary on the Adhyāsa Bhāṣya Sugama
Svāmī Prakāśānandendra Sarasvatī Mahārāja
4. Extracts from the Commentary on the Adhyāsa Bhāṣya Sugama
It seems that the jñāni is an individual. The jñāni understands that he is not an individual, but that he appears to be an individual. Now, as you have an individuality, you say he has a jīvatvam. After the rise of understanding this individuality remains in appearance, or the jñāni remains individual? This is a confusion. Jñāni is not an individual. The individuality is jīvatvam. The jñāni understands I am not an individual, I am the pure consciousness which is the whole, which is the wholeness, non-dual. There is nothing other than him. Jñāni understands himself to be non-individual. Individuality is only a misunderstanding about himself. Correcting the misunderstanding and understanding yourself to be non-individual consciousness is Brahman.
They present jīvatvam is no doubt ajñānam, but after understanding you remain an individual: jñāni is an individual who understands. This is a real problem. After you understand, what is that to understanding? He says you understand Brahman and still you remain an individual. So, it looks that regarding that Brahmajñāni individuality you have a misunderstanding that is jīva individuality. They put it in this manner: ajñāni jīva is a misunderstanding about brahmajñāni jīva. They put it like two jīvas. brahmajñāni jīva is a real and ajñāni jīva is a misunderstanding about the brahmajñāni jīva. What is this? This is all confusion. If you are still continuing to be a jīva, continue to be a jñāni individual, then individuality is there. Individual, that’s what is a saṃsāra, that’s what is adhyāsa. So, they missed the whole point. You talk to the people how they say. You listen to their talks. You watch them, you will understand what they talk.
Therefore, for them a false knowledge (mithyā–jñānam) requires a false object (mithyā vastu). That means, jīvatvam is a mithyā–jñānam, is a misunderstanding, but every wrong knowledge requires a corresponding wrong object; therefore, there is a jīvatvam. They put jīvatvam is an entity, which is a wrong or false jīvatvam, wrong-object-jīvatvam, corresponding to the wrong-knowledge-jīvatvam, wrong jīva thinking, wrong individuality. So wrong individuality is a misunderstanding, a wrong knowledge. That I am a jīva is a wrong knowledge. Wrong knowledge requires a wrong jīvatvam corresponding to it; but, where is this wrong jīvatvam? Ah, this is the thing creating a problem. Wrong jīvatvam is not an individuality, a thing. There is only a wrong knowledge: jīvatvam is only a form of knowledge; there is no object. Jīvatvam is only a wrong knowledge about you as Brahman, that is Pure Consciousness free from time.
Suṣupti svarūpam is free from time, free from place, free from object, free from subject-object duality. Therefore, also free from a state. You are free from state, taken to be living or facing a state. You take yourself to be living in a state, an individual living in a state, but you yourself are free from any state. Your nature is stateless. Your real nature is stateless; that is Brahman. Even now you are stateless. But the thinking you have is untrue to the fact: that you are in a state is only a thinking, not a reality. It is a thought, but not you, not Reality. Your real nature is stateless; statelessness is your real nature. That you are in a state is only a misunderstanding.
Therefore, a wrong understanding doesn’t require a wrong object. Wrong understanding requires only a right object. Every wrong understanding requires a right object, a real object, about which this wrong understanding is experienced. Wrong understanding requires only a real object, not a wrong object. This wrong object is a fabrication of post-śaṃkarites, mūlāvidyāvādins. Similarly, coming to the jagat, jagat is only an understanding about Brahman. Brahman is suṣupti. Regarding suṣupti which is Reality, you take suṣupti as the world. World is a form of knowledge about Brahman. Brahman is the Reality, that is suṣupti; regarding suṣupti you have a misunderstanding that it is appearing like a world.
There is no world as an object: world is only a wrong perception about Brahman, about suṣupti. So, the waking state, the waking world, is a wrong perception about Brahman, which is Reality. Therefore, instead of recognizing the same suṣupti svarūpam, you take yourself to be an individual facing the world. That I am an individual facing the world, this whole thing is one and unique misunderstanding. This misunderstanding, this wrong knowledge has no wrong object. This wrong knowledge has only one object, real object, that is suṣupti, which is pure Consciousness. This is Vedānta Siddhānta.
We have to repeat it, otherwise you get lost in the Pūrvapakṣin’s lucubrations. pūrvapakṣa is a dangerous thing. Pūrvapakṣa means wrong thinking. Wrong thinking is a dangerous thinking, you should not over emphasize wrong thinking. Just touch it and leave it, because we have to correct the wrong thinking, and not to reinforce it. They presented that there is a wrong knowledge: that I am a jīva, that I am seeing the world, etc.: this is the wrong knowledge we have told.
Now, the Pūrvapakṣin says, they say, wrong knowledge requires a wrong object: wrong knowledge of jīvatvam requires a wrong or false person of jīvatvam. There is no such thing called false person. He says that for the false knowledge of the world, there is a false world. There is no false world. But he says, there is a false world corresponding to the false knowledge of the world. As the false knowledge of the world requires a false prapañca similarly for the false knowledge of jīvatvam, there must be a false jīva, a false puruṣa. Oh my God!
Now, though they called it false, if we watch it, it has not become false. It is not false because, when there is an object corresponding to the knowledge and knowledge is about an object, then it is no more a false. So, the so-called false knowledge, they are unable to show that it is a mithyā–jñānam. In fact, they are accepting their mithyā–jñānam is true to the object, but if there is an object, then it is no more mithyā–jñānam. It has become a true jñānam because knowledge requires a corresponding object. Jīva, the thought of jīva, thought of individuality requires a corresponding individuality. Similarly, thought of world requires a corresponding object-world. That means, that I am an individual, I am facing the world is not false because it requires a corresponding object. Then how can you call it mithyā? You know how they explain? It is a mithyā because it is produced by a mithyā substance called avidyā.
There is another thin layer, a thin avidyā, a positive substance which is covering the rope, which is covering Brahman and transforming into serpent, jīva and the world. Transforming into jīvatvam and the world form, jīvatvam and jagatvam. It transforms into the jīva and jagat because it is there avidyā which transforms it. And why do you call mithyā this jagat and jīvatvam? Because it is produced by that mithyā avidyā. Then, why that vidyā is mithyā? It is mithyā because it is neither existing nor non-existing. So, neither existing nor non-existing is simply nature of mithyā. Mithyātvam is not an understanding. Mithyātvam is a nature of a thing. See they present it. We say snake is mithyā because snake is a wrong understanding about the rope. But when you are seeing snake, for you there is no mithyā, because you don’t know that it is mithyā. When you understand the rope, then only your thought of snake becomes mithyā.
The thought of snake becomes mithyā only when you see the rope. The moment you see the rope, then the thought of the snake becomes mithyā. The moment you understand it mithyā it is no more there other than rope. Rope alone remains. Therefore, understanding the snake to be mithyā and snake going away and becoming merging into rope alone, understanding that it is a rope alone, these both are simultaneous facts. When you understand mithyā, mithyā is no more there. Before, when it was appearing, you don’t know it is mithyā; then once you understand it to be mithyā it is no more there. This is our way of understanding. So, mithyātvam is only understanding your knowledge to be wrong, untrue to the reality, understanding the snake to be not true to the reality. In fact, it is one with reality, one with the rope; this is called understanding the mithyātvam. But, for them mithyā is only the nature of the snake as a snake, at the level of the snake and they are not referring to rope at all. Rope remains rope.
According to them, the perceived snake has got a certain character as a snake, it has got certain quality, certain nature. The very character of snake is mithyā, according to them. Mithyā means what? It is a particular character. What is that? It neither exists nor doesn’t exist: it can be categorized neither as existing nor as a non-existing. Yet it is existing but it is not existing; so, it cannot be categorized as existing, it cannot be categorized as really existing nor it can be categorized as totally non-existing. Neither totally non-existing nor totally existing, but a kind of existing. This character is called mithyātvam. So according to them mithyātvam is a feature of the apparent snake.
This mithyātvam, that sadasat anirvacanīyam character of mithyātvam pertains to both knowledge of snake as well as to object-snake. Object-snake is mithyā and knowledge of snake is mithyā. Both are mithyā according to them. Their definition of mithyā is neither totally non-existing nor totally existing: this is the character of that mūlāvidyā which is covering of Brahman, and the same thing transforms into jagat as well as the jīvatvam. Jīvatvam, jagatvam are the object, objects transformed from that mūlāvidyā which has covered the Brahman. This is their explanation. So, first they told knowledge requires an object and that object is a produced one. That object is born at that time. While you are in, while you are in error, while you are in adhyāsa the object is born at that time (tat kalam).
How do you remove this ajñānam? How do you remove this mithyā–jñānam? How can you remove the wrong knowledge as well as the corresponding wrong object? They put it too. “I am a jīva” is a wrong knowledge and that my being jīvahood is a wrong object. Similarly, I am facing the world, the world perception is a wrong knowledge, wrong perception; but wrong perception requires wrong object according to them. The first itself is erroneous: wrong perception requiring an object itself is a wrong. But anyway, that’s how they say. Let us tentatively accept to what they say. Here accept means “let us listen to what they say”. We may not accept but just listen what they say. Do you remove that avidyā which is sticking to Brahman and producing adhyāsa? Producing adhyāsa, avidyā is existing before adhyāsa. It is sticking to Brahman. Why? Because it is there, sticking to Brahman.
We vedāntin are asking: see, even if the snake object (sarpa padārtha) is removed, the snake thought will not go away. Suppose you bring the light, what happens? Snake-object goes away, but what about the thought, thought-snake? Snake thought remains? Now this is the vedāntins question asking them. How do you remove that snake thought and that snake object? Snake thought and snake object taken together, they talk it as one. See, that snake which is born as you started perceiving it, along with perception an object of perception is born. We say there is only perception, object without being there. There is a perception of snake without the snake being there.
They say along with the perception there is a tentative object snake; false object snake is born along or simultaneously with the perception of the snake. Now, how will that snake object go away with the knowledge? They say, as you bring the light and come to understand that it is a rope, object snake goes away; what about the knowledge? Because, in the illustration, they told there is a thought snake, that means a knowledge of a snake, and an object-snake too. Even supposing that you give the object snake, how will you remove the knowledge snake? This is what we are asking as advaitins.
We are asking this because they say that avidyā has produced this knowledge snake and object snake, and that avidyā is sticking to Sākṣin as well as to the rope. It is sticking to Sākṣin as well as the rope-consciousness. If it is sticking, once you see the rope, object snake goes away. But how does the knowledge snake go away unless you know the Sākṣin? Common man doesn’t have Brahmajñānam, doesn’t know Sākṣin. Now when you bring the light, the object snake goes away but the knowledge snake should remain. How will you remove? This is our question.
Once one takes a stand, wrong stand one keeps on defending, defending, defending. So wrongly they keep on defending. So, let us see how they defend. Before criticize, allow them to speak. After listening, we will then think of it. They say jñānam requires an object. Jñānam is solely dependent on its corresponding object. When the snake has gone, the knowledge of the snake goes away automatically.
The knowledge snake is corresponding to the object snake; when the object snake goes away, knowledge goes on its own. This is one reply. Another reply they give is as follows: this removal of snake and the removal of misunderstanding of snake goes two ways. One is total removal. Second is that snake object tentatively merges into the causal avidyā (mūlāvidyā) which is sticking to the rope-consciousness as well as to the Sākṣin. So, there is a causal avidyā sticking to rope-consciousness which transforms into object snake. Therefore, this object snake merges back into causal avidyā. This is second way. The first one is the total removal, another is tentative removal. Tentative removal it merges, it becomes un manifested (avyakta). Where the snake is totally removed, totally means again you will never mistake snake in your life.
Does it ever happen? Supposing you mistake the rope for snake, you bring the light and the snake goes away, you understand it to be rope. Then again, tomorrow there is a dim light, and again you mistake the rope for a snake. Don’t you mistake the snake hundreds of times in life? Hundreds of times you bring the light and you discover it to be rope. When you bring the light, you understand it to be rope; but even after understanding this rope to be rope, second time you see in somebody’s house again you mistake. Same rope or another rope, you don’t know. Maybe the same rope or another rope, you keep on misunderstanding again and again. How many times you misunderstand? It does happen. Many times, you misunderstand even after recognizing the rope, and still you continue to misunderstand. Then what is the reason for it? The snake which has gone, how did it come again? How did it come up again? If the ajñānam about the rope is gone, where did the ajñānam come from again?
Once you know the rope and avidyā sticking to the rope consciousness goes away; then you should never misunderstand snake again, but that doesn’t happen in life. When you see the rope what happens? When you see the rope, the object snake merges into its mūlāvidyā. The object snake merges into the rope-consciousness. So next time, when you misunderstand again, snake has to be produced. If you remove the snake permanently and know the rope, next time it is impossible to misunderstand. Even if you see in the semi-darkness, you will not be able to misunderstand the snake, because once you see the rope permanently snake should go away.
Again, there will not be any misunderstanding in your life. But what we find in life is again and again we keep misunderstanding the same rope or another rope in the semi darkness. That means each time is born the snake? Perhaps that means previous time when you brought the light and saw the rope, the snake did not go away completely? Snake has only merged into the rope? Was it not more visible, nothing else? There was a thought of a snake but no object snake. Again, you go away somewhere, again tomorrow you come in just a split second you come to misunderstand because the snake which has merged into mūlāvidyā again makes a reappearance.
It had dissolved in its cause (kārane layaḥ): so, there is a mūlāvidyā sticking to the rope-consciousness which earlier transformed into snake, now it transforms back into mūlāvidyā. Transforms back means it merges back into mūlāvidyā. Only snake doesn’t appear, that’s all. So, in these things you don’t need rope-jnana. Tentatively snake disappears without knowing the rope. See here the rope-knowledge has not taken place. The only snake-knowledge has gone without the rope-knowledge gaining; i.e. without gaining the rope knowledge snake has tentatively disappeared. There, knowledge of the substrate (adhiṣṭhāna jñānam), i.e. Sākṣin jñānam, is not required: without Sākṣin jñānam rope misunderstanding can be removed. In suṣupti the whole jagat goes away. That means the world was tentatively born during adhyāsa; according to them jagat is born tentatively during adhyāsa but, when you go to sleep, the tentative jagat, which was born, again merges back into suṣupti.
To enjoy the world, you require a karma. When your karma is exhausted, the jagat merges into suṣupti. Why do you go to suṣupti? They explain that you go to suṣupti because your karma to enjoy the world is exhausted. Your karma to enjoy the world, your karma to experience the world, face the world is exhausted tentatively for some time. If you sleep for six to seven hours, six to seven hours your prārabdha is suspended. Okay this is what their explanation. The karma which is creating, which is giving rise to your experience, goes away, it merges into the un-manifested (avyakta) that is māyā, that is avidyā. It merges into mūlāvidyā. You don’t need to know the rope. You don’t need to know Brahman. You only merge into suṣupti. You have not known Brahman.
Similarly, snake doesn’t go away permanently because snake will come again tomorrow. Tomorrow you have again to misunderstand, again and again. Therefore, snake has not gone permanently. In this regard, he gives an example. There is a pot; made out of what? Of mud. Now, with a stick, you hit the pot, which breaks into pieces. Then it merges back into mud. Similarly, the serpent reverts to a rope. Here you have two things: the snake object and the snake knowledge.
When you bring the light, snake knowledge merges into the mūlāvidyā. Once the snake object is not there, snake knowledge also automatically goes away. The removing of the snake-jñānam can be done in another way also. It can also be explained in another way, which is even more abstruse and unacceptable.
We’ll tell in the next upadeśa this complication and how you can remove it. It is a complication so much boring. What is wrong is difficult to understand and difficult to remember. Instead, what is according to anubhava it is easy to understand: and you don’t have to remember because it remains in your anubhava.